ISC, CAS, Google Scholar     h-index: 20

Document Type : Original Research Article

Authors

University of Khartoum, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Khartoum, Sudan

10.33945/SAMI/PCBR.2019.2.2433

Abstract

An improvement to the performance of the bare pencil graphite electrode (PGE) was made by modifying it utilizing p-amino benzene sulfonic acid (p-ABSA), benzo-18-crown-6 and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to detect lead (II) ions in water samples using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetric technique. The presence of p-ABSA serves as ionic conductor while the good adsorption ability and electrical conductivity of multi-walled CNTs enhanced the sensitivity through increasing the electrochemical active surface area. Furthermore, using benzo-18-crown-6 as a molecular scavenger improved the selectivity for lead (II) ions. After optimizing the experimental and chemical parameters, the proposed electrode demonstrated linearity toward the lead (II) ions in a concentration range of 15-200 µM, and 0.99852 correlation factor at 5 sec accumulation time. The detection and qualification limits were statistically calculated based on ICH guidelines as 5.72 µM and 17.32 µM, respectively. The sensor demonstrated a very good selectivity over heavy metals for instance Zn (II), Fe (III), Cr (III), Cu (II) and Mn (VI). The developed method was adequately applied for the determination of Pb (II) ions in water samples. The results obtained by the current method were compared to the acquired results utilizing ICP-OES. According to the statistical consideration, the two methods were considered identical.  

Graphical Abstract

Development of chemically modified pencil graphite electrode based on benzo-18-crown-6 and multi-walled CNTs for determination of lead in water samples

Keywords

Main Subjects

[1] Ensafi A., Far A., Meghdadi S., Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 172:1069
[2] Bellinger D., Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 2008, 20:172
[3] Chen A., Cai B., Dietrich K.N., Radcliffe J., Rogan W.J., Pediatrics, 2007, 119:650
[4] Lanphear B., Lanphear B.P., Hornung R., Khoury J., Yolton K., Baghurst P., Bellinger D.C., Canfield R.L., Dietrich K.N., Bornschein R., Greene T., Rothenberg S.J., Needleman H.L., Schnaas L., Wasserman G., Graziano J., Roberts R., Environmental Health Perspectives, 2005, 113:894
[5] Tong S., Von Schirnding Y., Prapamontol T., Bull World Health Organ, 2000, 78:1068
[6] Fang Z., Guo T., Welz B., Talanta, 1991, 38:613
[7] Moor C., Lymberopoulou T., Dietrich V., Microchimica Acta, 2001, 136:123
[8] Todd A., Chettle D., Environmental Health Perspective, 1994, 102:172
[9] Longerich H., Fryer B., Strong D., Spectrochimica Acta B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 1987, 42:39
[10] Elobeid W.H., Elbashir A.A., EC Chemistry, 2018, 3:1
[11] González‐Calabuig A., Guerrero D., Serrano N., del Valle M., Electroanalysis, 2016, 28:663
[12] Grabarczyk M., Korolczuk M., Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2010, 175:1007
[13] Wang J., Stripping Analysis: Principles, Instrumentation and applications; VCH Publishers Inc: New York, 1985: p. 1-160
[14] Anandhakumar S., Mathiyarasu J., Microchimica Acta, 2013, 180:1065
[15] Iijima S., Nature, 1991, 354:56
[16] He X., Chen L., Xie X., Su Z., Qin C., Liu Y., Ma M., Yao S., Deng L., Xie Q., Tian Y., Qin D., Luo Y., Microchimica Acta, 2011,176:81
[17] Kerric G., Parra E.J., Crespo G.A., Xavier Rius F., Blondeau P., Journal of material chemistry, 2012, 22:16611
[18] Parra E.J., Blondeau P., Crespo G.A., Rius F.X., Chemical Communications, 2011, 47:2438
[19] Lou T., Pan D., Wang Y., Jiang L., Qin W., Analytical Letters, 2011, 44:1746
[20] Serrano N., Calabuig A., Valle M., Talanta, 2015, 138:130
[21] Huang Z., Kim S., Chang S., Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society, 2006:27, 893
[22] Brownson D.A.C., Banks C.E., The handbook of grapheme electrochemistry. Springer, New York: 2014; p. 23-77
[23] Zaib M., Athar M., International journal of electrochemical science, 2015, 10:6690
[24] Martins I., Talanta, 2011, 15:85, 1
[25] Gosser D., Science and Reactivity of Inorganic and Metal Organic Chemistry, 2006, 24:1237
[26] Malagutti A., Mazo L., Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 2003, 14:274
[27] Topic Q2 (R1). Validation of analytical procedures: Text and morphology, International Conference of Harmonization (ICH) (1996) 1994, 17 (2005)
[28] ICH-Q2A guideline for industry March. Text on validation of analytical procedures, 1995
[29] De Silva R.B., Bulska E., Żylkiewicz B.G., Hedrich M., Majcen N., Magnusson B., Marinčić S., Papadakis I., Patriarca M., Vassileva E., Taylor P., Analytical measurement: measurement uncertainty and statistics, Publications Office of the European Union, 2012